My baking station - Ikea's toy containers are great for storing flours, too! |
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When I first started baking in Maine, I didn't think too much about differences between German and American flours.
All-purpose flour was, obviously, your Average Joe among flours. Bread flour was meant for breads. Duh! And whole wheat and rye flours? Stupid question! Exactly the same as German "Vollkornweizen" and "Roggenmehl".
But then I saw something called "Cake Flour" at Hannaford's. Hm.... a special flour for cake baking, why did you need that? Then there was "White Whole Wheat" - really, white? My chemical alert siren went off! Was it bleached and bromated like some of the flour brands in the baking aisle? (Don't worry, it's a special kind of winter wheat.)
I started wondering about different flour types only, after I had a yearning for German rolls, "Brötchen", and tried out several recipes. Meanwhile I had learned from Peter Reinhart's "Bread Baker's Apprentice" about the merits of slow fermentation, and that steam was needed to create a good crust.
My German Brötchen were not that bad, but something, somehow, wasn't right. The crumb was totally different from what I was used to in Germany. Not kind of loose and fluffy, so that you could easily pull it out, but chewier, with larger pores, more like French bread.
Everyday Brötchen get the right fluffy crumb only with soft wheat flour |
After a while it dawned on me that US-wheat has much more protein than European wheat species . The flour contains significantly more gluten, so that the dough has a more stable structure, and breads rise higher. My German-American rolls were suffering from hyper-gluten-ism!
In The Fresh Loaf (a forum for hobby bakers) I read later that many Americans, interested in baking German Brötchen, were utterly puzzled by this problem.
During a visit in Germany, my friend Ingrid asked me to bake those great baguettes I had gushed about on the phone. I went to the supermarket's baking aisle, and - found myself as clueless as before in Maine!
Never having baked breads in Germany, only cakes, muffins and Christmas cookies. I could only imagine that the German all-purpose flour, Weizenmehl Typ 405, wouldn't be the right thing, and I knew Vollkornweizen (whole wheat). But all the other flour types - what about Typ 550, 1050, 1700?
I had not the slightest idea, and the text on the packages didn't much to enlighten me. The type numbers mean leftover ashes, not protein content, so, if you want to incinerate your flour - this is what you would be left with (along with a dog crazed by the smoke alarm.)
After serious consideration I decided on Typ 1050 - it had to have more gluten than softie flour 405, but the number was far enough from whole wheat flour Typ 1700.
So, what happened? My Pains a l'Ancienne turned out much healthier than planned - after all, they contained a good portion of bran. But even though they were flatter and darker than they should have been, they tasted very good. And that was the main thing.
Rustic Baguettes - with German Typ 1050 they will be a bit too rustic |
WHEAT FLOUR TYPES (approximate equivalents between US and European flours)
US D F I AU*) GB % Protein
cake - - - glatt - 6-8
pastry 405 40 00 480 soft 8-9
all-purpose 550 55 0 700 plain**) 10-12
bread 550 55 1, 2 700 strong 12 (+)
- 812***) 80 1 700 11-13
white whole wheat****) - - - - - 13
high gluten - - - - - 14
- 1050 110 2 1600 13-14.5
high extraction 1050 (or mixture, see substitutes) 16
first clear - - - - - 16 whole wheat 1600 150 farina integrale di wholemeal 13
grano tenero
*) In Austria there is also another differentiation: the "Griffigkeit" of the flour: griffiges Mehl (Dunst and Feingriess) is coarser than flour, but finer than semolina. You can feel the coarser flour particles between your fingers when you rub it. Doppelgriffiges Mehl (= Dunst) is especially used for fine pastry, pasta and strudel. It has a high content of bran - I would substitute with whole wheat pastry flour or a mixture of pastry/whole wheat pastry. Glattes Mehl (smooth flour) is the equivalent of cake flour.
**) Store bought plain flour can strongly vary in quality, and cheap brands may have less than 10% protein.
***) Typ 812 is a mixture of 2 parts Typ 1050 + 1 part Typ 405, there is no US-equivalent. I would use bread flour and a little bit whole wheat (same as the substitute for Typ 1050.)
****) White whole wheat is an albino variety.
Dutch flour type equivalents, see here.
Substitutes (approximately)
High extraction flour: 41% bread flour + 59% whole wheat
German Typ 812: 77% bread flour + 23 % whole wheat
German Typ 1050: 52% bread flour + 48% whole wheat
SPELT FLOUR TYPES
US Germany
white spelt Dinkelmehl Typ 630
high extraction spelt Dinkelmehl Typ 1050
whole spelt Dinkel-Vollkornmehl
Whole spelt you may find in supermarkets with a very good selection or in natural food stores. White spelt you need to mail order from specialty stores. In Germany both are more readily available.
RYE FLOUR TYPES
Most US supermarkets carry only whole rye flour ("Vollkornroggenmehl"), and, sometimes, rye meal, aka pumpernickel, ("Feiner Roggenschrot").
Usually coarser grinds, like rye meal ("Feiner Roggenschrot"), or rye chops ("Grober Roggenschrot") can be only found at specialty flour stores, or some natural food shops.
White rye (a rather bland variety) and medium rye flour you can mail order (King Arthur Flour, NYBakers or Honeyville). Medium rye is very similar to Roggenmehl Typ 1370. It can be mixed with white rye to substitute the lighter Roggenmehl Typ 1150).
US Germany
white rye Typ 997
(2/3 medium rye + 1/3 white rye) Typ 1150
medium rye Typ 1370
rye meal (pumpernickel) feiner Roggenschrot
rye chops (cracked rye) grober Roggenschrot
Side by side - American medium rye and its German cousin Typ 1150 |
For more information, also about Dutch flour types, check out the Weekend Bakery blog
just love your baking station. you gave nice info about flours.
ReplyDeleteThank you!
DeleteThe kitchen is basically our living room, and I like to have a nice environment when I bake.
Hi Karin, I think "white rye" is the equivalent to the German "Roggen Type 997".
ReplyDeleteLutz, I'm sure you are right. In Germany I only looked what flours they had in the supermarkets. Did you ever bake with it? I found it rather bland.
DeleteI have heard of German flour, with numbers, but have not seen any of it here. Probably I would have to go to special shops for these, but, like you, I am totally confused! Even reading about the flours are very confusing sometimes! Thank you for sharing the info on flours!
ReplyDeleteIf you know which American flours you can use instead, you really don't have to try to find special German flours. Your bread might taste a little bit different, but not significantly.
DeleteThe only specialty flours you might need for some of the German recipes are (soft wheat) pastry flour (instead of German type 405 or Italian 00) for some typical rolls, and medium rye (German type 1150 and 1370).
In both of my blogs I will always "translate" the flours from American types to German ones and vice versa.
Thank you for this info. Like you, it has been a learning curve for me, to translate recipes from 'across the pond'. My German mother-in-law still craves good brötchen after being here over 50 years, and nothing seems to fit. With my interest mostly in wild yeast and whole grains, she is not likely to get much help from me, but if you can succeed in making a decent German bun with what we have available here to work with, I'll be watching with fascination. Mach's gut!
ReplyDeleteCellarguy, you might check out my earlier post on Brötchen:
ReplyDeletehttp://hanseata.blogspot.com/2010/06/weizenbroetchen-german-rolls.html
You might make your mother-in-law very happy with these - they are the real thing. I added an overnight fermentation to make them taste even better.
In the post is a link to BreadLab's very nice video clip on how to make them, too.
I usually prefer sourdoughs and whole grain breads, too, but now and then I need just some crackly, crusty Brötchen or other white breads.
Mach's auch gut!
Vielen Dank fuer deinen blog! Finally an explanation why my bread comes close but just does not seem right :)
ReplyDeleteYes, it took me quite a while to figure this out, I'm glad I could help you with this. What kind of bread are you baking?
ReplyDeleteThank you for your wonderful blog! I'm in North Carolina and people here do not know what good bread (or baked goods, in general) are. My husband is from Hagen and my quest for satisfying his desire for true German breads is a passionate one. Your flour translation is excellent information. Incidentally, I made your popovers this morning (using King Arthur AP) and they were a hit! Your brotchen is next! Now...to get that rye flour....
ReplyDeleteDanke!!
Karen
Thank you, Karen, I'm very happy to hear that.
DeleteIt's so frustrating to try a recipe, thinking you did everything right, and then it doesn't turn out right, and you have no idea, why.
Good luck with the brötchen, and, please, let me know how you like them!
Happy Baking,
Karin
What a marvelous set up - did you create the baking station? Where did you get the furniture piece? THanks!
ReplyDeleteThanks, Sara! Yes, this is in my home kitchen, and I like things to be functional AND look nice. The furniture - work station and shelves are from Ikea, so are the flour bins - originally meant for storing toys. This works very well for me.
DeleteThank you Karin! I was trying to figure out what to use for Austrian 700 griffig to make Apfel Strudel. I will give it a whirl and see where I end up. This was helpful!
ReplyDeleteI'm glad you find my "translation" helpful.
DeleteGood luck with your Apfel-Strudel - one of my favorite pastries, too!
Great information for us transplants. I always got so disappointed when I would make a recipe, I've done many times in Germany and it never would come out as nice. Not that my American family ever noticed, they think all Germans are baking gods...lol. But I knew.
ReplyDeleteI noticed there is a bit of a jumble with the flour chart numbers above, toward the end of the chart, making me a bit confused about what goes where. It's just the last 3 lines. Is the 'farina integrale' and 'di grano tenero the same flour. Maybe that could be edited? I saved the info in a note and pushed the numbers around but still not sure where the 'di grano tenero' goes to. I might have shuffled it all wrong anyway
Anyway, thank you, I am more enlightened about what flours to use
I know what you mean, you notice something is off, but have no idea what it may - I had no idea that flours were so different.
DeleteThe flour you mention: "farina integrale di grano tenero" is the (very long) Italian term for whole wheat flour.
Unfortunately I can't (or don't know how to) put in a really professional looking table, more so, since the preview always looks a bit different regarding spaces.
Happy Baking,
Karin
Thanks for clarifying the name for the Italien wholewheat, it's a very long name indeed...lol...and everybody says we Germans have to long of names for things.
DeleteTo the chart maybe if you turn it into a pdf first. I had issues with making a gardening chart like this once but once it was a pdf it turned out fine. I did some baking yesterday, making some Buttermilk wild yeast rolls and your information greatly helped, they came out so much better. The recipe I made from a German site calls also for Manitoba flour, does anybody now what that is? It said it's Canadian flour better for bread so I used American bread flour but still not sure if that's the right flour
Yes, it is. The German Typ 550 is more like an American AP-flour at the high end of the gluten spectrum. Obviously you can get bread flour from Manitoba in Europe, so Manitoba flour is the usual term for American bread flour with more gluten than Typ 550.
DeleteI buy my organic flours in 50 lb bags, and, depending on what my distributor has available, sometimes the bread flour comes from Manitoba, and sometimes it doesn't - I never saw any difference in its performance.
Excellent reference, thank you.
ReplyDeleteI've formatted it as a table. Blogspot won't permit me to put a table in a comment, but you can find it here: Flour Translation Table
That looks much neater than my unformatted table! Thanks!
DeleteI will include the link to your table in future references :)
DeleteOr I can give you the code to put in this post, if you like!
DeleteYes, I would appreciate that!
DeleteGo here and copy this text: http://journal.brokenclay.org/wp-content/uploads/flour-translation.txt
ReplyDeleteI think you can just paste it into your post.
Katja, can you correct one small error in your table? In the Italian flour column has to be a 00 for the pastry flour (instead of 0).
DeleteDone!
Delete:)
DeleteI have a bag of Roggenmehl 1150, could you please provide me an easy recipe as I'm not sue what to do with it. My husband bought it ;)
ReplyDeleteRoggenmehl 1150 is a medium rye flour, very often used in German rye breads. If you don't have a sourdough starter (then I have other recipes) you might try my Malt Rye Rolls (http://hanseata.blogspot.com/2012/01/malt-rye-rolls-with-sesame-pumpkin.html). They taste very good, and the stretch-and-fold method is not difficult (you don't even need a mixer, if you don't have one), just follow the description.)
DeleteThe malted barley flour can be substituted with molasses (use a third less, since it's sweeter and stronger in taste).
Good luck,
Karin
This comment has been removed by a blog administrator.
ReplyDeleteThanks so much for this! I bought a book on no-knead bread baking on my last trip to Germany and am now trying to figure out which American flours I can use to make the recipes. Your post answered most of my questions, but I was wondering what you think I could use for the recipes that call for "Roggenschrot (mittelfein gemahlen)". Thanks in advance!
ReplyDeleteI'm glad that you find my "translation" useful, Madeline. For medium ground rye meal you have two options. You can order it online: NY Bakers has the right grind (King Arthur, Bob's Red Mill or Honeyville, my other go to flour suppliers, don't): http://nybakers.com/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=16&products_id=102
DeleteOr you invest in a grain mill (I recommend Mockmill), if you intend to bake with freshly milled flour, or coarser grinds.
Unfortunately, rye kernels are too hard to grind in a food processor or coffee mill.
Good luck, and happy baking!
Guten Morgen, Karin! I just stumbled onto your blog this morning while drinking my Kaffee. I think I have found enough reading material in your blog to last me a long time. But I’m still not clear exactly on the types of flour. For Instance i have a recipe for potato dumplings, (not baking, I know) that calls for “griffiges Mehl”. Short of ordering the correct flour from overseas, what flour from the supermarket can I substitute? My husband is trying his hand at sauerbraten and I’d like to make the accompanying „Knödel“. Danke schön!
ReplyDeleteSorry, Karen, that I didn't answer you earlier. Somehow your message got lost, I just saw it today (I moved my blog from Blogger to Wordpress a while ago). The Austrian term "griffig" means a grind that is coarser than flour, but finer than semolina. I would either just use all-purpose flour or mix it with a little bit of semolina. Good luck with the dumplings!
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Vielen Dank! Ich bin Deutsche, wohne aber in Kalifornien. Diese "Übersetzung" der verschiedenen Mehltypen ist sehr hilfreich! Frohe Weihnachten!
ReplyDeleteHi. Can you help me with which flour to use for spaetzle? I use AP and it does the job but it doesn’t taste like it did when I was in Germany. Thank you!
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